Cross-platform app development spans mobile frameworks, desktop shells, UI toolkits, and technologies used around media and streaming products. The 2024 Stack Overflow Developer Survey reports usage for several of these tools among all respondents, professional developers, and developers learning to code. The figures below describe respondents who reported using each technology in the past year; they are not market-share estimates.
Contents
- Survey snapshot
- Mobile cross-platform frameworks
- Professional developer usage
- Developers learning to code
- Desktop and broader UI technologies
- Technology groups relevant to media applications
Survey snapshot
The Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2024 provides a useful view of reported technology use during the previous year. It separates all survey respondents from professional developers and developers learning to code. That distinction matters: the same framework can have different reported usage levels depending on who is answering.
Among all Stack Overflow survey respondents, Flutter was reported by 9.4%, followed by React Native at 8.4%. Electron was reported by 6.5%, while Qt reached 7.3%. These figures place mobile-oriented and desktop-oriented cross-platform options in the same broad technology landscape, although the survey categories are not a measure of identical product use cases.
The all-respondent results also include .NET MAUI at 3.1%, Xamarin at 2.9%, Ionic at 2.5%, Cordova at 2.2%, Capacitor at 1.8%, and Tauri at 2.4%. Each percentage is the share of all respondents reporting use in the past year.
The source label for these figures is the Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2024 technology section. Because the supplied research record is legacy research and was not independently verified, these numbers should be read as reported survey results for 2024 rather than as independently audited measurements.
Mobile cross-platform frameworks
Flutter and React Native are the two most prominent mobile-oriented cross-platform entries in the all-respondent figures. Flutter reached 9.4%, and React Native reached 8.4%. Among professional developers, Flutter was also reported at 9.4%, while React Native was reported at 9.0%. Among developers learning to code, Flutter reached 11.1% and React Native reached 6.7%.
Those three audience views show a different pattern for each framework. Flutter’s reported share was 9.4% among all respondents, 9.4% among professional developers, and 11.1% among developers learning to code. React Native’s corresponding figures were 8.4%, 9.0%, and 6.7%. The categories are separate survey populations, so the figures should be compared within their stated audience rather than treated as a time series.
The remaining mobile and web-to-mobile entries were reported at lower levels. Professional developers reported .NET MAUI at 3.4%, Xamarin at 3.2%, Ionic at 2.8%, Cordova at 2.5%, Tauri at 2.1%, and Capacitor at 2.0%. The all-respondent values were 3.1% for .NET MAUI, 2.9% for Xamarin, 2.5% for Ionic, 2.2% for Cordova, 2.4% for Tauri, and 1.8% for Capacitor.
Developers learning to code reported .NET MAUI at 2.0%, Xamarin at 1.5%, Ionic at 1.1%, Tauri at 4.2%, Capacitor at 1.1%, and Cordova at 0.9%. The learning-to-code figures therefore cover a wide range even within this smaller set of frameworks. A reported 4.2% for Tauri in that audience is distinct from the 2.1% reported by professionals and the 2.4% reported by all respondents.
| Technology | All respondents | Professional developers | Learning to code |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flutter | 9.4% | 9.4% | 11.1% |
| React Native | 8.4% | 9.0% | 6.7% |
| .NET MAUI | 3.1% | 3.4% | 2.0% |
| Xamarin | 2.9% | 3.2% | 1.5% |
| Ionic | 2.5% | 2.8% | 1.1% |
| Cordova | 2.2% | 2.5% | 0.9% |
| Tauri | 2.4% | 2.1% | 4.2% |
| Capacitor | 1.8% | 2.0% | 1.1% |
Source for table: Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2024 technology section; usage reported for the past year.
Professional developer usage
Professional developers reported a broad technology mix around cross-platform application work. The largest figure in the supplied professional-developer results was .NET at 27.1%. Pandas was reported at 18.6%, NumPy at 18.2%, and .NET Framework at 18.1%. These are adjacent technologies rather than direct substitutes for mobile frameworks, but they help describe the wider development environment in which applications can be built and supported.
For application infrastructure, professional developers reported RabbitMQ at 13.0%, Spring Framework at 12.9%, and Apache Kafka at 10.9%. These figures are technology-use responses from the 2024 survey, not the percentage of applications using a given messaging system. They can nevertheless provide context for the services and event-driven systems that may sit behind media and streaming applications.
The professional results also included Torch/PyTorch at 9.1%, Scikit-Learn at 8.9%, TensorFlow at 8.8%, and OpenCV at 7.5%. Hugging Face Transformers was reported at 4.5%, Keras at 4.3%, and Apache Spark at 4.6%. These entries are relevant to software teams working with machine learning, computer vision, personalization, or data processing, but the supplied figures do not identify a specific application purpose.
Within the cross-platform and UI-related group, professional developers reported Qt at 6.5%, Electron at 6.3%, and OpenGL at 5.6%. CUDA was reported at 5.1%, SwiftUI at 4.3%, and .NET MAUI at 3.4%. Xamarin was reported at 3.2%, Ionic at 2.8%, Cordova at 2.5%, Tauri at 2.1%, and Capacitor at 2.0%.
The lower reported values in the professional results include GTK at 2.0%, Ktor at 1.3%, mlflow at 1.2%, MFC at 1.1%, Tidyverse at 1.0%, and JAX at 1.0%. The survey includes these tools in the same technology data, but their functions differ substantially. A single percentage should therefore not be interpreted as a direct ranking of app-development frameworks without considering what each technology is designed to do.
Developers learning to code
The learning-to-code results show strong reported use of data and machine-learning technologies. NumPy was reported by 31.1% of developers learning to code, and Pandas by 25.0%. .NET reached 18.9%, while Torch/PyTorch reached 15.7%, TensorFlow 15.0%, Scikit-Learn 14.9%, and OpenCV 14.2%.
For cross-platform and UI technologies, developers learning to code reported OpenGL at 12.7%, Flutter at 11.1%, Qt at 10.1%, and .NET Framework at 9.2%. Electron was reported at 7.6%, CUDA at 7.1%, React Native at 6.7%, and SwiftUI at 4.3%. These figures describe reported past-year use within the learning-to-code group, not adoption forecasts or the outcome of a controlled skills test.
The same audience reported Keras at 6.7%, Spring Framework at 5.5%, Hugging Face Transformers at 4.9%, GTK at 4.6%, and Tauri at 4.2%. DirectX was reported at 2.8%, Apache Spark at 2.5%, OpenCL at 2.5%, Apache Kafka at 2.4%, and RabbitMQ at 2.1%.
The remaining learning-to-code values were .NET MAUI at 2.0%, Tidyverse at 2.0%, Ruff at 1.9%, Hadoop at 1.5%, Xamarin at 1.5%, Ionic at 1.1%, Capacitor at 1.1%, and Ktor at 1.1%. Cordova and JAX were each reported at 0.9%; mlflow was 0.6%, Roslyn 0.5%, Quarkus 0.4%, and MFC 0.3%.
Desktop and broader UI technologies
Cross-platform development is not limited to mobile delivery. Electron was reported by 6.5% of all respondents and 6.3% of professional developers, while developers learning to code reported it at 7.6%. Qt was reported at 7.3% among all respondents, 6.5% among professionals, and 10.1% among developers learning to code.
The survey also reported Tauri at 2.4% among all respondents, 2.1% among professionals, and 4.2% among developers learning to code. GTK was reported at 2.0% among professionals and 4.6% among developers learning to code. MFC appeared at 1.0% among all respondents, 1.1% among professionals, and 0.3% among developers learning to code.
Graphics technologies form another part of the application stack. OpenGL was reported at 6.8% among all respondents, 5.6% among professional developers, and 12.7% among developers learning to code. CUDA was reported at 5.8%, 5.1%, and 7.1% across those same audiences. SwiftUI was reported at 4.3% among all respondents, 4.3% among professionals, and 4.3% among developers learning to code.
These figures are useful when considering desktop clients, media interfaces, visualization, rendering, and other application surfaces. They do not establish that respondents used any technology specifically for media or streaming, so the connection to that sector remains contextual rather than a measured use case.
Technology groups relevant to media applications
Media and streaming products can involve user interfaces, playback or rendering layers, data services, and machine-learning workflows. The 2024 survey figures cover examples from each of those broad areas. For interfaces, the supplied results include Flutter, React Native, Electron, Qt, Tauri, GTK, Ionic, Capacitor, Cordova, .NET MAUI, Xamarin, and SwiftUI.
For graphics and compute, all respondents reported OpenGL at 6.8% and CUDA at 5.8%. Professional developers reported OpenGL at 5.6% and CUDA at 5.1%; developers learning to code reported OpenGL at 12.7% and CUDA at 7.1%. The survey also recorded DirectX at 2.8% among developers learning to code and OpenCL at 2.5% in that group.
For data and service infrastructure, professional developers reported Apache Kafka at 10.9%, RabbitMQ at 13.0%, and Apache Spark at 4.6%. Developers learning to code reported those technologies at 2.4%, 2.1%, and 2.5%, respectively. The figures do not measure throughput, reliability, audience size, or the number of production applications; they only report technology use in the stated survey population.
Machine-learning entries were also present across the audience groups. Professional developers reported Hugging Face Transformers at 4.5%, Keras at 4.3%, Torch/PyTorch at 9.1%, TensorFlow at 8.8%, and Scikit-Learn at 8.9%. Developers learning to code reported the same technologies at 4.9%, 6.7%, 15.7%, 15.0%, and 14.9%, respectively.
Taken together, the Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2024 figures show that cross-platform development sits within a larger ecosystem. Flutter and React Native lead the specifically mobile-oriented entries in the supplied results, while Electron, Qt, Tauri, GTK, graphics technologies, infrastructure tools, and machine-learning frameworks describe neighboring parts of the development landscape. Each percentage remains tied to its audience, the 2024 survey period, and reported use during the past year.